Legal Responsibility for Copyright Infringements of Works Produced Through Artificial Intelligence Based on Law Number 28 of 2014 Concerning Copyright
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59525/rechtsvinding.2099Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence, copyright, legal liability, copyright infringement, exclusive rightsAbstract
The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed the process of creating works, including works that may fall within the scope of copyright protection in the fields of science, art, and literature. The use of AI raises legal concerns when AI-generated works resemble works owned by other parties or incorporate protected materials without authorization. This issue has become increasingly complex because Law Number 28 of 2014 on Copyright does not specifically establish a legal framework for liability arising from copyright infringement through the use of AI. This study aims to examine copyright protection for works generated through AI and analyze the construction of legal liability when the use of AI results in infringement of the exclusive rights of copyright holders. This study employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. Legal materials are analyzed qualitatively to examine the relationship between the exclusive rights of copyright holders, the use of AI technology, forms of infringement, and the liability of the parties involved. The findings indicate that copyright protection remains oriented toward protecting the moral and economic rights of copyright holders, even when the creation process involves AI technology. When infringement occurs, legal liability cannot be determined solely on the basis of AI involvement but must consider the form of contribution, degree of control, knowledge, fault, and economic benefit obtained by each party. AI users may bear legal liability when they know to use or commercially exploit outputs that infringe copyright, while the liability of AI developers or platform providers should be determined based on their degree of involvement and applicable legal obligations. The novelty of this study lies in developing a differentiated framework of liability for AI users, developers, and platform providers in copyright infringement, thus ensuring that copyright protection can remain effective while accommodating technological development.
References
Bačárová, R. (2025). Impact Of Artificial Intelligence On The Single Market For Digital Content. Acta Universitatis Carolinae Iuridica, 71(2). https://doi.org/10.14712/23366478.2025.397
Buick, A. (2025). Copyright and AI training data—transparency to the rescue? Journal of Intellectual Property Law and Practice, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpae102
Chadijah, S., Rifai, M. R., & Zalil, M. A. (2025). Islamic Legal Review of Waqf Land Ownership Transfer under Indonesian Law. Inklusif (Jurnal Pengkajian Penelitian Ekonomi Dan Hukum Islam), 10(2). https://doi.org/10.24235/inklusif.v10i2.22381
Cooper, Z., Martens, B., Peukert, C., & Stocker, V. (2025). The Law and Economics of Generative AI and Copyright: A Primer to Core Challenges for Our Digital Future. Review of Network Economics, 24(3). https://doi.org/10.1515/rne-2025-0039
Feng, Z. (2024). Copyright Issues in the Artworks Generated by Artificial Intelligence. Interdisciplinary Humanities and Communication Studies. https://doi.org/10.61173/ceqxk555
Gaffar, H., & Albarashdi, S. (2025). Copyright Protection for AI-Generated Works: Exploring Originality and Ownership in a Digital Landscape. Asian Journal of International Law, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1017/S2044251323000735
Gaidartzi, A., & Stamatoudi, I. (2025). Authorship and Ownership Issues Raised by AI-Generated Works: A Comparative Analysis. In Laws (Vol. 14, Number 4). https://doi.org/10.3390/laws14040057
Jubaidi, D., & Khoirunnisa, K. (2025). Legal Analysis of the Advancement of AI and Blockchain Amid Lagging Digital Copyright Regulation in Indonesia. Journal of Judicial Review, 27(2). https://doi.org/10.37253/jjr.v27i2.11069
Kristanti, W. A., Sujatmiko, A., Setyawati, R., & Wicaksono, B. A. (2025). Legal Protection of Artificial Intelligence As A Copyrights. Eduvest - Journal of Universal Studies, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.59188/eduvest.v5i1.50375
Li, Q. (2025). Copyright protection paradigm in the generative AI era: originality, attribution, and infringement. Advances in Social Behavior Research, 16(8). https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7102/2025.27484
Lu, Y. (2024). A Chinese perspective on artificial intelligence generated content and copyright. Informacios Tarsadalom, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.22503/inftars.XXIV.2024.2.8
Maria, I., & Fakrulloh, Z. A. (2025). Case Study of Studio Ghibli VS Open AI for the Proposed Revision of Indonesia Law Number 28 of 2014 Concerning Copyright. Jurnal Syntax Transformation, 6(7). https://doi.org/10.46799/jst.v6i7.1087
Mayana, R. F., Santika, T., Win, Y. Y., Matalam, J. A. K., & Ramli, A. M. (2024). Legal Issues of Artificial Intelligence – Generated Works: Challenges on Indonesian Copyright Law. Law Reform: Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v20i1.61262
Mazzi, F. (2024). Authorship in artificial intelligence-generated works: Exploring originality in text prompts and artificial intelligence outputs through philosophical foundations of copyright and collage protection. Journal of World Intellectual Property, 27(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/jwip.12310
Praja, C. B. E., Riswandi, B. A., Wartini, S., Hakim, H. A., & Espares, G. A. (2025). Authorship and Ownership of AI-Generated Works in Indonesia: A Doctrinal and Comparative Review. Jurnal Media Hukum, 32(1). https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.v32i1.25383
Putri, R. N., Nursalamah, P. A., Monica, A., & Putri, D. K. (2024). Penguatan Hukum Hak Cipta Atas Karya Seni Buatan AI di Indonesia dalam Rangka Penguatan Sektor Industri Kreatif 5.0. Wacana Hukum, 30(1). https://doi.org/10.33061/wh.v30i1.10356
Rosati, E. (2025a). Infringing AI: Liability for AI-Generated Outputs under International, EU, and UK Copyright Law. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2024.72
Rosati, E. (2025b). The future of the movie industry in the wake of generative AI: A perspective under EU and UK copyright law. Computer Law and Security Review, 59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2025.106207
Sanjaya, K., & Rajavenkatesan, P. R. L. (2025). Artificial Intelligence and Intellectual Property Rights — A Copyright Perspective. Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, 30(1). https://doi.org/10.56042/jipr.v30i1.1588
Syahrizal, S. (2025). Tanggung Jawab Hukum dalam Kasus Pelanggaran Hak Cipta oleh Artificial Intelligence di Indonesia. FOCUS, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.37010/fcs.v6i2.2033
Tammenlehto, L., & Kallio, H. (2025). Artificial Intelligence, Criminal Infringement and Intent – Is the Protection Really Equal for All Works? IIC International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 56(5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40319-025-01592-7
Yang, Y. (2024). The Study of Copyright Infringement Liability of Generative Artificial Intelligence. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media, 34(1). https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/34/20231893
Zakiran, A. H., Nugraha, M. R., & Faisal, M. P. F. S. P. (2025). Legal Implications of AI-Generated Works on Intellectual Property Subjects and Exclusive Rights in Indonesia. Alauddin Law Development Journal, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.24252/aldev.v7i2.57126
Zakiyah, N., Hardyanthi, T., Hidayati, N. K., & Utomo, Y. A. T. (2025). Originality, Authorship, And Generative Ai: Rethinking Indonesian Copyright Law. Jurnal Hukum Progresif, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.14710/jhp.13.2.385-416
Zalil, M., Aspandi, A., El Banna, A. M., & Syarifudin, A. (2025). Reassessing Student Representation: Legal and Managerial Implications of the Absence of a Student Executive Board under Law No. 12 of 2012. Journal of General Education and Humanities, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.58421/gehu.v5i1.715
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Zahwa Ayni Sabilah, Nuraini Fitri Ramadhani
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
